Search on Facebook for Hirak – Morocco Solidarity Initiative UK for more information.Â. The result of that tension was a series of guerrilla attacks by Abd el-Krim’s forces on Spain’s advanced fortifications in June–July 1921, which culminated in Fernández Silvestre’s ill-considered decision to abandon the frontline post of Annual (Anwal) on July 22, 1921. That hasty evacuation panicked the Spanish troops, who fled Annual and subsequent fall-back positions in general disorder. Change ). Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. «Rif Committee» : When El Khattabi dreamed of launching an armed rebellion in Morocco. The war was the last and perhaps most significant of many confrontations between the Berber peoples inhabiting the region and the Spanish. Spain won the Rif War. Log in or Sign up log in sign up. In November 1912, owing to British insistence that a buffer be created between French North Africa and Britain’s strategic base at Gibraltar, the French granted Spain a protectorate “sublease” of 7,700 square miles (20,000 square km) along Morocco’s Mediterranean coast. Indeed, six years of subsequent military effort still left about three-fourths of the protectorate “unpacified.”. Algeria: Rif Protests in Morocco Offer Hope to Kabyle Nationalists Washington DC - The current protests in Morocco’s northern region of the Rif pose a … The evacuation also reflected a general war weariness among a significant portion of the Spanish populace, as well as a realization that the conflict was costing the Spanish treasury more than it could afford. That did not happen immediately, as enlisting support from other groups and political and religious elites was not always easy for Abd el-Krim. Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion | David S. Woolman | download | Z-Library. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Abd el-Krims were a leading Beni Urriaguel family, and they had collaborated for many years with the Spanish authorities in Melilla. Berenguer’s primary focus was to make cautious advances into the mountainous Yebala region and occupy the holy city of Chefchaouene. That territory was contiguous with Spain’s long-established enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta and reflected Spain’s desire to reestablish a colonial presence after the humiliating losses of the Spanish-American War (1898). The Rif rebellion . Start your review of Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion. The title of this set is more than a little vague, since it could be argued that the people of the Rif region in northern Morocco were in almost constant rebellion. About 43,500 Spanish troops were killed or wounded or went missing during the war; Spain’s ally France counted about 18,000 as killed, wounded, or missing. In the wake of Mohsin’s death, protests erupted across Morocco, linking issues of corruption, unemployment and social justice with the demands of the Rif’s Amazigh-speaking population for cultural, economic and social rights. Outside the Rif, the solidarity movement also surged ahead, with huge numbers joining the demonstration in the capital on 11 June. ( Log Out /  Omissions? This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. NOW 50% OFF! 0 Reviews. That evacuation, which cost the Spanish army at least 2,000 dead or missing, caused great discontent among the upper ranks of the Spanish colonial army; one of the most vocal of those so-called Africanista officers was Francisco Franco, then commander of the Spanish Foreign Legion. share. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Was hoping someone here could tell me that. (Spanish forces continued fighting pockets of Rif resistance until July 1927, however, when Spain declared the region “pacified.”). 100% Upvoted. It was fought mainly in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. rif rebellion morocco. The revival of mass protests in the capital follows months of demonstrations in the Rif raising a range of demands for political reform and social change. It highlighted negligible military leadership, poor troop morale and training, problematic frontline logistics, shoddy equipment, and the generally pitiable state of Spain’s colonial army. In 1921 begins to move his troops towards the mountain city planning put a stop to the resistance. Between 26 May and 31 May, Moroccan security forces rounded up 71 people following protests in the Rif’s regional capital, Al Hoceima and the neighbouring towns of Imzouren and Beni Bouayach. Rif Rebellion Essay For centuries Spain controlled the mountainous areas from Ceuta to Melilla in northern Morocco. The Rif movement exploded in October 2016 following the murder of Al Hoceima fish-seller Mohsin Fikri, who was crushed to death in the back of a bin lorry while municipal officials tried to confiscate his wares. Often he had to combine either the threat or the use of force with an appeal to religious and xenophobic sensibilities. The report that resulted—the Expediente Picasso—was damning. Download books for free. Rif casualties may have been about 30,000, with 10,000 killed. Arrests of the leaders of the al-Hirak al-Sha’abi (Popular Movement) — Nasser Zefzafi, Najib Ahamjik and Silya Ziani — angered, rather than intimidated, the public. By Habeeb Salloum/Arab America Contributing Writer “I’m anxious and excited! Post was not sent - check your email addresses! In 1958, two years after Morocco’s independence, Sultan Mohammed V declared Krim a national hero, restored his confiscated property, and invited him to return to Morocco, which Krim declined to do. It was fought primarily in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. The impact of the Rif rebellion was also felt north of the Strait of Gibraltar. In spite of its liberal image abroad, Morocco tolerates little dissent at home. Posted on October 8, 2020. A few days after their arrest, 31 of the detainees were transferred to Casablanca for interrogation, raising fears that they would be charged with state security or terrorism offences. Morocco, history, rulers, politics. From 1925, after Rif forces entered French possessions in Morocco, Spanish and French forces coordinated their operations against the Rif. What are your thoughts? ( Log Out /  Find books Spanish artillery firing outside Melilla during the Rif War. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. David S. Woolman. But since Fikri’s death last year, a new set of protests have started to take place in Morocco’s Rif region, known historically for its rebellion against central authority. Biography & Autobiography / Historical History / Africa / General History / Africa / North Morocco Rif Revolt, 1921-1926 : Note: During the period covered by this record, there are numerous "pretenders" being proclaimed rulers, in part because of the multiplicity of historic capitals.Their names appear here, with each one being indicated as "in rebellion." It regained the territory it had lost in 1921. It was questionable whether that conscript force had the resources, leadership, training, and morale to carry out the charge effectively. 191 Rif Rebellion Rebels - Rif War - Mounted Fugures Registered users can share their experience with this product. Britannica Kids Holiday Bundle. menasolidaritynetwork / June 16, 2017. Event: North Africa at the Crossroads – 7pm Tues 11 July, SOAS – book online now . 6 comments. The most belligerent Rif forces were barricaded in Al Hoceima, in the heart of the Rif Mountains. The Rif region is mountainous and has some fertile plains, and stretches from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Berkane and the Moulouya River in the east and from the Mediterranean in the north to the Ouergha River in the south. Although those groups were nominally subject to the Moroccan sultan’s authority, most preserved considerable local autonomy and were absolutely opposed to being ruled by Spanish Christians. The Rif rebellion of January 1984. Initially, the Spanish forces in Morocco were largely composed of conscripts and reservists from Spain itself. In a matter of weeks, Spain had lost all of the territory it had occupied since 1909 and suffered anywhere from 8,000 to 10,000 deaths, including that of Fernández Silvestre. Interview by Cole Stangler. Hossein Nadorian rated it it was amazing Jul 29, 2013. The war was the last and perhaps the most significant of many confrontations over the centuries between the Rif—the Berber peoples inhabiting the region—and the Spanish. Rif, also called Rif Mountains, Arabic Al-Rif, mountain range of northern Morocco, extending from Tangier to the Moulouya River valley near the Moroccan-Algerian frontier. They were a fiercely independent people who no more welcomed domination from a sultan in far-off Fez than they did from Spanish colonial troops. Flag of the Rif Republic (1921–1926) Sultan Yusef's reign, from 1912 to 1927, was turbulent and marked with frequent uprisings against Spain and France. Abd el-Krim’s forces moved quickly to fill the territorial and power vacuum created by the retreat. Rif War, also called War of Melilla, Rif also spelled Riff, (1921–26), conflict between Spanish colonial forces and Rif peoples led by Muhammad Abd el-Krim. Morocco: Rif rebellion comes to Rabat. Picture: Al-Mounadila newspaper via Facebook, Event: North Africa at the Crossroads – 7pm Tues 11 July, SOAS – book online now. Enter your email address and receive notifications of new posts by email. Within weeks, Spain lost all of its territory in the region. The response of the Rif was one of surprise and elation, followed by an effort to extend the rebellion into other parts of the central Rif and beyond. I read about it and the war but I can't seem to get into the "why" aspect of how it happened. Fernández Silvestre’s chief objective was to secure the strategic Alhucemas Bay in the central Rif as expeditiously as possible and to pacify the Beni Urriaguel, the most-significant, bellicose, and independent group in the Rif. Despite Abd el-Krim’s continued resistance and the proclamation of the Republic of the Rif in 1923, the situation remained stalemated. Shannon Fleming holds a doctorate in modern European history from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Exploring Morocco’s Rif Region. ابي ‎), better known as Abd el-Krim (1882, Ajdir – 6 February 1963) was a Berber political and military leader. The Moroccan regime’s other tactics, including urging criticism of the protests from the pulpit in the city’s mosques, and a barrage of media attacks on the protesters as ‘separatists’ and ‘traitors’, failed to halt the rising tide of mobilisation. Manuel Fernández Silvestrewas named General Commander of Melilla. Despite the crackdown, protests in Al Hoceima continued to grow, however, with thousands turning out nightly. These "Peninsular" troops were poorly supplied and prepared, few had marksmanship skills and proper battle training, and widespread corruption was reported amongst the officer corps, reducing sup… Tension between colonial Spanish forces and Rif peoples in northern Morocco culminated in a series of guerrilla attacks led by Berber leader Abd el-Krim on Spanish fortifications in June–July 1921. Unfortunately for Spain, much of the protectorate was an inaccessible rural backwater of difficult mountainous terrain inhabited by dozens of Berber groups, known collectively as the Rif. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? For the greater part of its 180-mile (290-km) length, the range hugs the Mediterranean Sea, leaving only a few narrow coastal valleys suitable for agriculture or urban settlement.. articles History Imazighen morocco politic . Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After his father’s death in 1920, Muhammad Abd el-Krim, a man of considerable leadership and organizational skills, along with his brother and other members of his extended family, undertook to galvanize his group and neighbouring peoples against the Spanish advances. Solidarity with political prisoners in Algeria, Open letter: Stand in solidarity with the revolutions in Algeria and Sudan, Revolution, resistance and imperialism in the Middle East (Manchester), Stand with Fadila: solidarity is not a crime, Hirak activists sentenced to 230 years in jail in “judicial massacre” by Moroccan regime, Hundreds of trade unionists launch petition in solidarity with prisoners in Morocco. Check out our rif rebellion selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. 3 users. This was undoubtedly the worst military disaster suffered by a colonial power since the Italian debacle at Adwa in Ethiopia in 1896. This w… He achieved something that nobody had ever done, and he crossed most of the Rif without having to fire a shot and offering the tribes' chiefs money instead. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. The year 1921 will long be remembered in Spain on account of the signal disaster which befell Spanish arms and prestige in Morocco. However, Spanish efforts were seriously constrained by ambivalent government policy and a lack of public support for what had become an unpopular colonial war. In the process he replaced a hierarchical society with a centralized bureaucracy and fighting force, a Muslim legal code, international trade arrangements, and a nascent network of roads and telecommunications. What was the motivation of the Rif rebellion/republic? Around 100,000 demonstrators took to the streets of the Moroccan capital Rabat on 11 June in solidarity with the mass movement in the Rif region, following a crackdown by the authorities and the arrest of movement leaders. Updates? ( Log Out /  Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. In February he launched a large raid on Tétouan to demonstrate that the rebellion … Among those arrested was Nasser Zefzafi, an important protest leader from Al Hoceima. The Rif War lasted from June 1921 to May 1926. Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion. Fernando rated it liked it Oct 25, 2017. Riffians (in Tarifit Irifiyen), by others also known as Riyafa or Rwafa, are a Moroccan Berber-speaking people of Northwestern Africa, who derive their name from the Riff region in the northern edge of Morocco. Stanford University Press, 1968 - Biography & Autobiography - 257 pages. Register to access all of the benefits reserved to registered users or click on login if you are already registered. The establishment of the French protectorate in Morocco in March 1912 resulted from the implosion of the Moroccan polity after decades of European interference in Moroccan affairs. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. ... Northern Africa > Morocco. That state of affairs persisted until September 1924, when the Spanish government, under the recently installed dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, decided to evacuate thousands of troops from hundreds of isolated positions in the western part of the protectorate to a fortified line 6 miles (10 km) south of Tetuán. Januar 8, 2020 Januar 8, 2020 Adra Ghadu 0 Kommentare January 1984, King Hassan II, Moroccan army, The Rif rebellion. The initial reaction in Spain was disbelief, followed by outrage. The French Protectorate in Morocco ... Rif Rebellion. However over the winter, the movement outside the Rif retreated, while repression within the Rif intensified, perhaps reflecting the regime’s calculation that the protest movement had been contained and isolated. Demonstrators in London call for solidarity with political prisoners. Lawyers for the detainees told Amnesty International they saw signs of beatings on their bodies, and that the prisoners had been insulted and in some cases threatened with rape. He is the author of. The Rif War was fought between Spanish colonial forces and local Rif fighters led by Abd el-Krim. The Rif War or Rebellion (1920-1930) It seemed that lasting peace would come to the Protectorate, especially with the ... republic is a free and sovereign military and political association of tribes living in the Rif Mountains of northern Morocco. Rif War: Spain's War in the Rif of Northern Morocco, 1920-1927 One of the least cited "inter-war" conflicts which was also apart of the neo-colonialism era of the 20th century, the Rif War or Riffian Rebellion in Morocco was bloody and multi-state conflict. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. He and his brother Mhemmed led a large-scale revolt by a coalition of Berber Riffian tribes against French and Spanish colonization of the Rif, in northern Morocco. Demonstrators also called for the release of political prisoners at a protest in London on 12 June in solidarity with the movement in Morocco. In March 1912 Sultan Mulai Hafid signed a treaty in which he recognized a French protectorate over Morocco. Reconsidering the Rif Revolt (1958-59) It is in this way that Hassan II (1961-1999) addressed himself to the inhabitants of northwest Morocco—and to the rest of the population—in reaction to the riots of 1984. Rif War (1921–26), conflict between Spanish colonial forces and Rif peoples led by Muhammad Abd el-Krim. On June 27, fifty-two activists tied to recent protests in the state’s northern Rif region were sentenced to prison terms. The Rif War was the last major confrontation during several centuries of conflict between the Rif peoples of northern Morocco and the Spanish. save hide report. In addition, the Spanish army had regrouped on the eastern front, invoking the Reconquista—the Christian effort to drive the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages—in a bid to regain lost territory. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The background --Spanish Morocco --Spanish relations with Morocco before 1912 --The Spanish protectorate, 1912-1921 --Abd el Krim --Anual --The slow road back --Primo de Rivera --The year of Chaouen --Abd el Krim's wartime government --The French threaten --War with France --The end of the Rif Rebellion --Abd el Krim's legacy --Conclusion. Riff Rebellion. Berenguer, based in the protectorate capital of Tétouan in the western part of the zone, was assisted in the east by his more-aggressive subordinate, Gen. Manuel Fernández Silvestre. Write a review. ( Log Out /  A commission headed by Gen. Juan Picasso González was set up in August 1921 to investigate the debacle and to fix military responsibility for it. The issue of political and military responsibilities associated with the rout became a leitmotif in Spanish politics for a number of years. Picture: Al-Mounadila newspaper via Facebook. Spanish efforts to regain that territory continued until 1926, when the Rif War ended. The Rif or Riff (Berber: Arif, Arrif or Nekkor,ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ Arabic: الريف or النكور) is a geographical and cultural region in northern Morocco.. That retreat empowered the Rif who were behind the Spanish lines, and Abd el-Krim and his followers pushed the Spanish forces back to Melilla. The Spanish government handed over the administration and “pacification” of the protectorate to the Spanish army. In the middle of the Cold War between the major superpowers at that time, the US and the USSR (1), The Rif War occurred primarily in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. Frustrated with the situation, in 1919 the Spanish government authorized the protectorate’s high commissioner, Gen. Dámaso Berenguer, to step up efforts to bring more of the protectorate under Spanish control. By early 1925 Abd el-Krim was at the height of his power and influence, controlling at least three-fourths of the protectorate. 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